Wednesday 11th September 2024

Print News:

L/O: to explore printed news and the theoretical framework

Do Now:

1. Language

2. Industry

3. Audience

4. Representation

5. Historical, Political, Social, Economic, Cultural

10/10

https://www.tomorrowspapers.co.uk/

Newspapers notes:

usually contains one large main image with smaller image in advertisements.

Main heading is large and takes up majority of the page

Masthead at the top of the page

Most people in images are white, male and usually quite in shape.

tends to discuss politics, celebrities and TV shows - a mix of hard and soft news

text is smaller and in columns

usually only has colour in advertisements and the main image

advertisements are usually at the top of the page.

Lots of mentions of Ukraine - lack of mentions of other wars/genocides.

Tabloid: a type of newspaper that has smaller pages, many pictures, and short reports

many images with one large image
less text
smaller sized paper
celebrity gossip - 'soft news'
text is sans serif
lower quality
newspaper is usually a larger size - newer ones are smaller and more tabloid sized due to cost.
The sun, The star etc.

Mid Market Tabloid: Mid market tabloids or middle market dailies are newspapers that include publications such as The Daily Express and The Daily Mail. They may include some conventions of both tabloid or broadsheet and tend to reflect a mid-point between the two genres.

relatively even image to text ratio
less text than broadsheet, more text than tabloid
Daily Express, Daily Mail

Broadsheet: a newspaper with a large format, regarded as more serious and less sensationalist than tabloids.

one large main image
Less colour
Large columns of text with sophisticated language
discusses serious topics - 'hard news'
text is serif
higher quality
Guardian, The Times, Daily Telegraph

Representation:

represents serious news - Ukraine/Russia, Winter Fuel Cut, Job Losses
White people - both male and female
Labour - left wing opinion
Holly Johnson - LGBTQ+

Thursday 12th September 2024

Purpose and Process

L/O: to explore the purpose and process of he printed news industry

Do Now:

1. A newspaper that has more images and less text than a broadsheet. News surrounds celebrities and is less serious. Small size paper

2. Takes aspects from both tabloid and broadsheet

3. A newspaper that has more text and less images than a tabloid. News is serious and more political. Large size paper.

4. Barthes

5. Neale

5/5

Purpose:

Tabloid: more entertaining, celebrity news

broadsheet: to inform, more serious news, political

Production:

large amount of material - ink, paper

employing highly trained staff

technology has changed:

prints in colour

Satellite and internet - stories can be quickly wired from anywhere

Distribution:

expensive to physically transport

needs to arrive early in the morning

Lessen Cost:

print locally

Putting the news online

free papers - i.e. the metro

Marketing:

advertising - TV, social medias, sister papers

exclusives - i.e. interviews

synergy deals with other companies

Circulation:

number of copied distributed, not sold

Ownership:

Guardian - The Scott Trust

Daily Mail - DMGT = Daily Mail and General Trust

Both are trusts

Types of ownership:

1. 'Media Barons' - owned by wealthy individuals or proprietors. E.g. Rupert Murdoch

2. 'Trusts' - a legal arrangement that transfers funds from the owner to a 'trustee' to manage and control the running of the paper. E.g. Scott Trust

3. 'Cross-Media converged conglomerates' - global institutions that own numerous media outlets. These may be owned by media barons. E.g. DMG & Lord Rothermere.

Newspaper ownership in the Uk is increasingly concentrated, and therefore less diverse, as the industry is run by just 7 companies. 60% of the market is owned by just 2 companies - News UK & DMG Media.

1. How do newspapers make money?

1. Advertisements, Sales, Subscriptions, Deals with companies, Paywalls.

2. What problems is the newspaper industry facing?

2. lack of people buying newspapers, all digital. Fake news.

3. How are they tackling this?

3. Convergence to digital, websites for each news outlet. Social Media, Cutting costs. Donations from readers, subscriptions

Circulation Sales:

14.3m people read daily

81% from print sales

daily costs 70p-£2.70

weekend costs 80p-£2.80

advertising:

full page colour ad costs 30,000

makes money from ads

print readers 75% more likely to read ads

Funding Strategies:

governement or public funding

greater focus on payment from online access

Technological Developments:

since the 1980's, rapid development of hardware, software and converged devices has significantly changed the relationship between owners and their audiences.

1980's - Computers. printers & DTP programs:

easier to print newspapers. Process of writing copy & art direction was easier. Audiences have power to create their own print media, but can't distribute it.

1990's - Internet:

easier access to news. more news, easy access to information. No cost for information

2000's - Broadband, Web 2.0, smartphones & tablets, HD Digital cameras, apps:

people don't have to buy newspapers to access news, newspapers are bought less. Owners have no control over production and distribution or information. Audiences can access information anywhere.

Advantages:

audiences can interact with the news, owners can monitor story popularity. less cost.

Disadvantages:

Guardian has lost 200,00 readers.

Independant only available online.

Wednesday 18th September 2024

News Values:

L/O: to explore the news values of printed news

Do Now:

1) DMGT and Lord Rothermere DMG

2) The Scott Trust

3) Trust

4) Media Barons

5) Historical, Political, Cultural, Economic, Social

4/5

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/18/hezbollah-pager-explosion-lebanon-israel-gold-apollo

https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/hezbollahs-one-big-mistake-terror-33692154

- Daily star blame's Hezbollah for Israel's attack. "Hezbollah's mistake".

- The guardian name's Israel in the headline. Israel creating explosives

Editor acts a gatekeeper who is responsible for filtering selecting or omitting stories based on importance and appeal

Stories checked for accuracy

Editors can practise Protective Coverage: withholding information on the grounds it would be harmful to the public, powerful people or impede a legal investigation.

News Values:

Definition: guidelines used to identify which news is considered to be most valuable, appealing & newsworthy for audiences.

Indicates that the news is socially constructed.

Threshold

consonance

negativity

personalisation

unambiguity - provides lots of information

frequency - Israel

negativity - death, Israel attacking countries

composition - image in the centre surrounded by text - the most important thing.

meaningfulness

references to elite persons - 'Starmer' UK Government

Barthes Semiology:

Large amount of text - creates meaning that it is important

Bold font for headline - Important,

Serif font - connotation: serious

Image - centre of the page, blood - serious, important

Lexis - 'Exploding', 'wreak Havoc' - connotes danger, severity of the situation

Thursday 19th September 2024

Political Bias

L/O: to explore the political bias of printed news

Do Now:

1) People/Companies who collect the facts from a scene of a story and sell it to news outlets.

2) Negativity

3) Consistency unambiguity

4) Media Baron

5) Historical, Economic, Political, Social, Cultural

4/5

1) Free Press = Anyone has the right to report anything in the news

Free Press: a news industry that isn't regulated or censored by the government in values or beliefs

The Fourth Estate: news has a role in safeguarding the public from decisions made by the wealthy or politicians who could influence policy or outcomes.

portraying labour in a negative light

Homogenous: of the same kind

Singular, Similar, Undistinguishable

News has a homogenous view

news is therefore reported in a singular view.

Plurality: more then one view point

Daily Mail: Right Wing -

makes Boris seem powerful

The Guardian: Left Wing -

makes Boris seem delusional

uplifting female euro's team

We can see political allegiance in the newspaper front covers through the use of media Language in the Daily Mirror and Daily Mail front covers.

In the Daily Mirror, we can see the Left leaning political allegiance through the use of Mise-En-Scene. The Mise-En-Scene of Theresa May's facial expression in the main image shows her pulling a funny face whilst doing a speech. The Daily Mirror have purposefully chosen this image as it makes her look highly unappealing and comedic. This will make her seem like a joke and cause people to not vote for her, as well as to entertain those who are already not in support of her. This use of mise-en-scene is paired with the camerawork. The use of a close-up shot further emphasises Theresa May's facial expression, portraying her in a negative light. Here, we can apply Barthes' theory of semiology, as the use of a bad image connotes that she herself is a bad person. This creates the myth that all Tory politicians are physically unappealing and are all bad people, which reinforces that ideological belief.

In contrast, in the Daily Mail, we can see the right leaning political allegiance through their use of mise-en-scene. The Mise-En-Scene of Theresa may standing with a smiling expression, whilst surrounded by many fans and signs in support of her creates connotations that she is powerful. We can see Barthes Theory in action here, as the denotation of her being surrounded by fans creates the connotation that she is well liked and powerful. This creates the myth that all tory politicians have a high amount of power and that they are well liked.

Comparing each cover, this use of mise-en-scene, reinforces Levi Strausses theory of structuralism. The binary opposition of Right Wing/Left Wing from the opposing opinions of each newspaper is used to present Theresa May in two separate ways. Right wing opinions from the daily mail represent her as a good candidate, whilst the left wing opinions from the daily mirror represents her as a bad one. These opinions are shown due to the political context of the coming election. Through representing the tories as either good or bad, it causes people's alliances towards either party to change.

Furthermore, the use of typography in the Daily Mirror shows their left leaning views. The use of the lexis in the headline 'Lies, damned lies and Theresa May' shows that they believe that she and the tory party are a liars and not to be trusted. This is reinforced by the tagline 'Don't condemn britain to five more years of tory broken promises'. Here we can see barthes' theory in action. The use of the lexis 'Lies' and 'Broken Promises' creates the connotation that the tory party cannot be trusted, and that voting for them will have a negative effect on the country. This was used due to the political contexts of the upcoming election, and the Daily Mirror showing their left-wing political view which the audience would expect to see.

In contrast, the use of typography in the Daily Mail shows their right leaning views. The use of the lexis 'Reignite british spirit' creates feelings of patriotism and traditionalism. This links to the cultural contexts of britain being a patriotic country with traditional values.

19/9- Great response and application of theory to each cover and then comparing. T: 4. can you try to add some context to the analysis, in terms of audience expectations and news values, can you also try to use other elements of media language to back up your points above.

Wednesday 25th September 2024

Print News Regulation:

L/O: to explore the issues of regulation of printed news

1) Context from History reflects a period of time in that location and region

2) Context surrounding politics at the time

3) Context surrounding the economy at the time reflects economics through production - budget, distribution, use of stars

4) Context surrounding social norms/ideologies. how it influences views in society. Reinforces social institutions such as family, community

5) Context surrounding the culture of a place/group at the time cultural values

5/5

1) Regulation is the censoring of certain topics to protect people from seeing things that may potentially be harmful, such as a child seeing something violent.

2) An argument for the regulation of news is that the public needs to be protect from seeing news that could potentially be harmful to them.

3) An argument against regulation is that the regulators could censor information biasedly.

FOR:

News industry has too much political power over the British public.

AGAINST:

If press is controlled there is no freedom of speech or democracy. The news would no longer be in the public interest

Plurality: more than one viewpoint.

Regulation is concerned with maintaining the need for free press and the function of the Fourth Estate to protect the people and democracy. political influence of owners and the need for plurality is also a regulatory concern.

recent events habe put regulation at the top of the political agenda. In the light of recent debates, regulation in the UK focuses on:

- news content and information printed by the press

- ownership and competition laws

British press is self regulated

IPSO regulates the Daily Mail

funded by its. members

Allows the public to submit complaints without going through courts

Papers are allowed to opt out and self-regulate outside of IPSO

Funded by the IPRT (Independent Press Regulation Trust)

commercially independent from the news industry

was not received well be editors who see it as an attempt for the government to control free press.

Curran & Seaton:

Industry power- owners have control over the public view. Few conglomerates owning in the media industry - less representation in the media. patterns of ownership and control. Owners pursue profit at the expense of quality/creativity. Capitalism - increasing concentration of ownership to only a few conglomerates.

Hesmondhalgh:

Reducing risk through repeating conventions - use of star vehicles. Increase concentration and integration. production is owned and controlled by a few conglomerates. Relying on repetition - genres, stars, conventions.

Livingstone and Lunt:

Regulation - media is regulated to protect the audience

Consumers: individuals who seek private benefits from the media - regulation protects them

Citizens: social, seek public or social benefits - regulation promotes public interest.

Thursday 26th September 2024

Regulation and Theory:

L/O: to explore the theories of regulation of the printed news

Do Now:

1) IMPRESS IPSO

2) IPSO IMPRESS

3) Leveson Inquiry

4) Semiology

5) Daily Mail - Right, Guardian - Left

3/5

News:

Daily Mail:

Curran & Seaton - media industries:

The Daily Mail has been owned by the Rothemere family since 1896 - this shows the increasing concentration of ownership in the news industry as it is only large, rich family owning teh newspaper. the ownership controls the opinions of the paper.

Current market share of DMG reinforces right wing political agenda to a large audience

Daily Mail's news values support populist reporting that relies on sensationalised and personalised stories.

criticising labour/left wing politicians

Philip Schofield - celebrity gossip

Daily Male Online:

revenue of £93 mil in 2017 - from celebrity & entertainment ( reinforces values of sensationalise & personalised news)

247 mil in 2023

leading news outlet - share of 20.1% in the industry

Guardian:

curran & seaton:

print-

historical ownership of the Scott trust - the ownership does not control the journalistic values -

Provides a voice from different perspectives - allows for plurality

trust format guards against commercial pressure.

online -

needs to make a profit to survive.

Hesmondhalgh:

Daily Mail:

DMGT as a parent company

increasing outlet and reducing printing plants reduces risk

Guardian:

Struggled to survive in the competitive market

circulation dropped by 13.1% in 2018

Developed digital outlets and moved to compact form & identifying other revenue streams reduces risk:

Livingstone & Lunt - regulation:

Daily Mail:

Member of IPSO - because of Leveson inquiry

Had 17 cases brought against them in respect of claims of inaccuracy, invasion of privacy and intrusion.

online:

individuals need protection from celebrity driven gossipy news

The guardian:

Self-regulation as they believe that both regulatory bodies are unethical & ineffective.They will, for example, protect whistle blowers and run the stories if in public interest.

Online:

self regulates

editors deal with all complaints subject to a criteria

Q4.

Curran & Seaton's theory states that the pattern's in ownership and control are important in how the media functions. It also states that industries are run on capitalism and so will increase the concentration of ownership, therefore narrowing the range of representations/opinions in the media. These industries will place profit as more important then quality or creativity.

We can see the patterns of ownership and control in the Daily Mail. The Daily mail has been historically owned by DMGT/Lord Rothermere, a rich media baron, and then passed down to his family (his son). This controls how the media functions, as we can see the family's right wing opinions heavily influencing the articles found in the paper. In contrast, we cannot see the ownership in The Guardian. This is because the guardian is owned by the 'Scott Trust'. This means that the opinions will not get in the way of the journalism, allowing for news to be told from different perspectives. A problem with the ownership in the media, is that the DMGT holds a large share in the media industry (20.1%). whilst the Guardian has barely any. This means that the majority of opinions seen in the news are held by DMGT and Lord Rothermere's family. Because of this, regulatory laws have been put in place which means that media conglomerates can only hold approximately 20% of the industry. This allows for plurality and a wider range of news opinions. This contrast between these papers shows that Curran & Seaton's theory is effective for helping to understand regulation in news.

We can see the increasing concentration of ownership and the narrowing of opinions/representations in the Daily Mail 's Ownership. Due to DMGT holding the largest portion of the industry, the majority of opinions found in the news follow a right wing allegiance. Furthermore, due to the Daily Mail being tabloid, the industry also holds a large amount of celebrity culture and gossipy news. The guardian contrasts this, as it is owned by a trust. This means that political opinions have less control over the news that they put out. The content in the guardian follows the opinions of the left-wing groups, therefore representation is less narrow in the industry. Because of DMGT's hold over the industry, regulatory rules have been made that mean the owners can only hold a certain amount in the industry. This allows for other newspapers to share their opinions which allows for plurality.

To conclude, Curran & Seaton are very effective in helping us understand regulation in news, due to their focus on ownership in the media and the regulatory rules that have been put in place because of it.

26/9 Great evaluation and use of the theory application to newspapers. T: 2 You need to cover the other points that C&S state and apply each of these different points to both texts to evaluate the theory.

Wednesday 2nd October 2024

Economic contexts

L/O: to explore the economic factors which influence print news

1) Power & Media Industries. Losing Creativity & Quality over Profit.

2) Reducing Risk through repetition

3) Regulation for citizens and consumers

4) Leveson Inquiry

5) IPSO, IMPRESS

5/5

10 marks = 17 minutes

Key Points:

Economic Contexts, Commercial & not-for-profit funding, Effect on distribution of newspapers

Ownership:

- Scott's Trust - Guardian

- DMGT/Rothemere - DM

Distribution:

- Lack of Buying physical copies

- Online transition impacting money

Commercial:

- dividends

- money goes back to rothemere family & the conglomerate

Not-for-profit:

- Trust means all money goes back to GMG to support the newspaper

- no dividends

Statistics:

- DMGT - 25% of shares

- Guardian - 2.8% of shares

The effects of economic contexts on the distribution of newspapers varies between each newspaper.

Firstly, the ownership of the Daily Mail follows a capitalist scheme. The owner are DMGT (a large media conglomerate) and Lord Rothemere's family (Large Media Barons). This means that they are far more inclined to gaining profit. An example of this is the news that they put out. The Daily Mail share soft news, which means that their articles are far more personalised and sensationalised. This is done to appeal to their audience, who buy the paper to read about the latest celebrity gossip. By appealing to their audience in this way, they are increasing the likelihood of their paper being bought. Furthermore, they share news with a right-wing leaning opinion, as the Rothermere family are notably right wing. This is done through painting political leaders like Keir Starmer in a negative light, whilst uplifting leaders like Rishi Sunak. This political leaning is followed by their audience, which means that they will buy the newspaper. This leads to an increase in circulation. Here, we can see curran & seaton's theory of power in cultural industries, as they are following a capitalist method and are decreasing in creativity and quality in return for profit.

In contrast, The Guardian provide hard news, which is more serious and surrounds topics such as war and politics. They share this news as the Guardian believes in sharing the truth. In addition, their audience are more sophisticated and intelligent, and would be able to understand this kind of news. Because of this, they also follow a left leaning political opinion, and so their articles are more likely to paint the conservatives and Rishi Sunak in a negative light whilst presenting Labour and Keir Starmer in a positive light. The guardian are more focused on putting out the truth as they are owned by The Scott's Trust. This means that all the profits they earn go back to the newspaper in order to put out more news.

Due to modern advancements, both companies have experienced a lack of circulation from people buying physical copies of their papers, however the guardian's distribution has been more heavily affected. We can see this through the statistics of The Daily Mail having circulation figures of 1,264,810 compared to the guardian having only 986,872 In order to combat this, both papers have developed an online copy. This has impacted their sale of physical copies, as people can access the news straight from their phones, however in terms of circulation, it has allowed more people to access the news. This has also helped the papers to meet the online pressures from their consumers. The online success has allowed for consumers to recieve news instantly after it has happened, as opposed to the day after in the physical copies. We can see that this was successful, as THe Daily Mail has had an increase of online readers, with 7.7 mil online and 22.7 mil mobile readers. The guardian has also had an increase with online presence, having 7.8 mil desktop readers, 3.1 mil tablet reader and 15.8 mil mobile readers. This shows that the economic context of less physical copies circulating has had an effect on the papers, but has been combatted by online technological developments.

Both the guardian and the daily mail earn a profit through methods such as advertisements, holding shares in the industry and subscriptions. The Daily Mail holds 25% of the shares, whilst the guardian only holds 2.8%. Because they have subscriptions (and donations with the guardian), neither newspaper use paywalls.

The final paragraph is structured a bit funky as i tried to follow a structure of DM, G and then comparing things that both has done, not sure if it has worked out in the end though.

2/10- It does work and you start with clear understanding of the industry and the newspapers. You need to try and focus then on economic areas, such as T:

2. information on funding and figures
3. online pressure and changes.
4. online success.

level 2 - 5 marks

Thursday 3rd October 2024

on case study page

Do Now:

1. The newspaper is actively making profit

2. The newspaper does not make a profit, and any money is put back through to the paper.

3. THe daily mail is funded by commercial funding and through advertisements, circulation, subscriptions - DMGT

4. The guardian is funded by not-for-profit funding - Scott's Trust

5. Economic

3/5

Wednesday 9th october

on case study page

Do Now:

1. Media Baron - Rothemere/DMGT - commercial Conglomerate

2. Trust - Scott Trust, Not-for-profit

3. Reducing size, Online, closing printing factories,

4. App, Website - mobile, tablet, desktop

5. Daily Mail - owns 25% of the industry, Guardian - 2.8%

4/5

Thursday 10th October

on case study page

Do Now:

1) 25%

2) 2.8%

3) Negativity, sensation

4) composition, threshold, progressive

5) IPSO - DM, self-regulated - G

4/5

Q3)

The cultural contexts of news production heavily influences the content that audiences are offered. We can see this through the opinions and representations expressed in the news. The daily mail is owned by large media barons & conglomerates (DMG and The Rothermere family). This leads to a narrowed range of representations in the news, as the only news that will be shown is news that shares similar opinions to the owner. We can see this as the daily mail's political allegiance is right-wing. In contrast, the Guardian is owned by the Scotts trust. Because of this, the owner's opinions are not able to influence the news that is put out. We can see this as the Guardian's political allegiance is middle/left leaning. Here, we can apply Curran & Seaton's theory of power in the media industry, as the narrowing of ownership to large conglomerates is affecting the range of opinions & representations in the media.

Something that affects news is the culture of advertising. We can see this as both the Guardian and The Daily Mail contain advertisements in their newspapers. The guardian usually has smaller advertisements in the skybox near to their masthead, or will have a full page dedicated to an advertisement (such as a full page rolex advertisement) and the daily mail will usually have advertisements throughout the paper. Due to this culture, audiences are not only receiving news content, but are also receiving advertising content too. Because of this, it is common that audiences will just flick past/scroll past advertisements.

Another cultural context that affect news production is the culture of the current digital age. Due to the rise of the internet and technology, news outlets have had to make a change and offer audiences online content through apps and websites dedicated to their newspapers. This has clearly had a positive effect, as the daily mail has 22.7 million mobile readers and the guardian has 15.8 million.

A cultural context that affects news production is the news values that each paper follows, causing them to report on different types of culture. The guardian follows values of sharing the truth and equality. This means that the guardian reports news that will help them promote that freedom and equality for all. They do this by reporting about different cultures all over the world. However, The Daily Mail focuses on reporting personalized and sensationalized news that focuses on negativity. They choose to do this in order to adapt to the culture of readers consuming celebrity gossip/gossipy news. Here we are able to apply Livingstone and Lunt's theory of regulation. The Daily Mail's sensationalised news is not always 100% factual, which we can see through the 17 cases brought to IPSO. This shows that regulation is necessary to protect consumers and promote public benefit for citizens.

10/10- Great response with great examples used from both newspapers. T: you can choose to add one of the areas that you have not covered yet in your response. 2 Postmodern mixing of genres has resulted in change in newspaper conventions and greater diversity in representation. Guardian desire to show freedom and equality in their news values: report on different cultures, perspectives and community services. Mail has focused on personalised news values that value negativity and soft news stories that are sensationalised. Theory: Livingstone and Lunt- require regulation to protect reader- 17 cases brought to IPSO in 2 year period for Mail.
Or
3.Newspapers feature cultural events that are important to audiences in their lived experiences. Mail personalized news, refers to elite nations and people, Guardian- refers to stories in the public interest and community services. Theory: Curran and Seaton- one dimensional view of culture in news via lack of plurality.

Case Studies & Industry theory:

L/O: to explore how industry theory can be applied to the ownership, funding and regulation in the set products.

on 'case study' page

Wednesday 16th October 2024

Target Audience:

L/O: to investigate audiences of printed news and audience appeal.

audience profiling can be done with Demographics, Psychometrics (VALS) and Type: Mass or Niche.

Print News Audiences:

29.1 Million people read newspaper per month (UK) = Mass Audience

- Demographics:

51% male

55+ age

57% millennials

28% middle class

27% working class

- Psychometrics (VALs):

Aspirers, Mainstreamers, Reformers, the Resigned & succeeders.

THE DAILY MAIL:

Demographics:

The Daily Mail’s main target audience is lower-middle-class British women. It was the first newspaper in the UK to write articles targeted at women. As of April 2019, the Daily Mail had a circulation of almost 1.2 million newspapers, the second highest in the United Kingdom.

54% female to 46% male. Some 83% are said to be homeowners and 69% own their homes outright.
Some 63% are ABC1 (upper and middle class) and some 366,000 are said to have savings of more £100,000.

Psychometrics:

Mainstream, Aspirers, Succeeders

Hobbies/Interests:

Issues They would be aware of:

How they access media:

Types of media they like:

Types of stories that appeal to them:

THE GUARDIAN:

Demographics:

theguardian.com's audience is 51.02% male and 48.98% female. The largest age group of visitors are 25 - 34 year olds.

Readers of The Guardian were more likely to be women, with nearly 15 million monthly female readers in the United Kingdom from April 2019 to March 2020. Readership of The Guardian proved to be more popular among older adults than younger ones. Throughout the period observed, approximately 18.5 million individuals over 35 years old read The Guardian, either on print or online.

Psychometrics

Explorers, Reformers, Succeeders.

Hobbies/Interests:

The Guardian’s target audience is diverse in terms of interests, but they generally tend to:

current events - informed about news, politics, international affairs, and value analysis and commentary.

feature articles and comment pieces - appreciate thoughtful, well-researched feature articles and opinion pieces on various topics, from culture to politics.

business and finance - The Guardian’s business and finance section is popular with readers who value expertise and analysis on the economy, markets, and industry trends.

cultural and lifestyle topics - The Guardian’s readers are interested in arts, music, film, and lifestyle topics, which are presented in a thoughtful, intelligent, and engaging manner.

Issues They would be aware of:

How they access media:

3.2m monthly print and an 18.4m monthly digital readership

Types of media they like:

Types of stories that appeal to them:

Celebrity + Good News - Simon Cowell's life is saved

Entertainment - Ronaldo

Power Elite - Liz, Putin, Simon Cowell

Bad news - disaster of Ronaldo's return

The Power Elite - referenced through the headline. lexis of mayhem implies danger & chaos.

Bad News - LExis of headline - Plotting, Mayhem

Celebrity, Surprise, Bad News - Coverline of Holly & Phil - Lexis of 'Phil's lost the plot' implies that he isn't safe. Encased in a large blue box - stands out.

Layout - Russia in the middle - most important news, dangerous.

Power Elite, Bad News, Follow-up - Israel/Palestine - headline

Good news - Marina Abramovic - skybox

Newspaper agenda - Fits the guardian's views by showing both sides of the story.

Thursday 17th October 2024

Audience

Do Now:

1. Physical aspects of the audience - class, gender, age social grade to measure the audience

2. The type of person/people they are, hobbies, interests.

3. Power Elite - people/countries/institutions/companies that hold a powerful influence over the world

4. Bad News - news that is bad/negative. (conflict, tragedies)

5. Follow-up - news that continues on/has been reported on before

Bandura:

short term effect on audience

audiences repeat/ are influenced by what they see online

Gerbner:

long term effect on audiences

people begin to fear the world after seeing negative/violent things

Bandura: Daily Mail is online (social media, websites). we are influenced by their stories & people talking about their stories.

Gerbner: Long term effect - negative views towards migrants. Lexis of Crisis and out of control

'Tax rises..." - distrust of politics, mean world syndrome

Hall:

Dominant: migrants are bad

Negotiated: Migrants are bad, but they could still need help

Oppositional: This is a humanitarian crisis.

Hall:

Dominant: accepts the preferred reading

Negotiated: accepts some parts

Oppositional: rejects everything

Hall:

Dominant: Refugees & Migrants are in need of support, want to be sympathetic towards them

Negotiated: They need support, but we can't just let everyone in

Oppositional: they don't need help.

Gerbner: Israel/Gaza - mean world syndrome. News is balanced

Bandura:

Hall:

Audience: offers - 50% off of the guardian

Gerbner: Assisted Dying - fear of death, sensationalised headlines

Bandura: Lexis - 'die', 'dying' - visceral,

'Scandal' placing labour & kier starmer in a negative light - right wing values

Hall:

Audience:

Wednesday 6th November 2024

Media Language:

L/O: to explore the genre codes & conventions in print news.

Do Now:

1. Media has a direct effect on audiences - short time - audience imitates what they see

2. Media has an indirect effect on audiences - long time - mean world

3. Preferred, Dominant, Oppositional, Negotiated

4. Right Wing, Female, ABC1, Older, Gossipy

5. Left Wing, Educated, Sophisticated, Male,

evaluate usefulness of Bandura

Bandura's theory states that the media has a direct effect on the audience, and that the audience will repeat what they see in the media.

We can see the direct effect and audience influence through the front pages of the daily mail and the guardian.

In the daily mail, the front cover suggests that America is bracing for 'Civil Unrest' and that is on a 'Knife Edge' regarding the coming election. This can be seen in the masthead and cover lines of their November 6th paper. This implies that they believe that Kamala would not be fit for president and that whilst they want trump to win, they aren't certain that he will. This affects the audience as they will also challenge Kamala's efficiency in office if she wins. This follows the daily mails right wing allegiance, as well as their audience's right wing political opinion and so influences them politically. This means that the audience will repeat what they see, and be more inclined to vote for Donald Trump if they are told that Kamala wouldn't make a good president as they would fear the changes Kamala would put in place.

In contrast, the guardians front cover seems hopeful that Kamala can take office, as seen in their November 6th masthead 'Hope... and fear". This reinforces their left wing political beliefs, and their audiences left wing political beliefs.

A downside of this theory is that it assumes the audience are passive when consuming content.

Codes:

signs that can create meaning

can be split into two categories:

Technical: Camerawork, editing, MES, choices that require technical equipment/skills to produce E.g. shot type, layout etc.

Symbolic: communicated through the technical elements

Conventions:

The generally accepted way of doing something.

Codes & Conventions

Tabloid:

size: small

Lexis: informal, slang, censored swearing

Mode of Address: commonly has direct address

Headline Size: Extremely Large, majority of front cover

Image to Text ratio: Images are far larger with less writing.

Broadsheet:

Size: Large

Lexis: Sophisticated, serious, detailed

Mode of Address: Formal

Headline Size: usually smaller in size but with more text & detailed

Image to Text Ratio: more text, multiple images but are smaller. Text is in multiple columns.

Barthes:

Semiology

Denotations: the literal meaning

Connotations: implied meaning from denotations

Myths: ideological meanings, makes ideology natural.

Denotations:

red MAGA hat

wife in background

mid shot

Connotations:

Red hat - red = right wing, red = warning sign,

Wife in background - connotes that she is not as important as trump, male as leader. needs support

mid shot - he is important, focuses on his face & had, expression

Myths: naturalises the idea that men are powerful and in charge

Follows codes and conventions of Tabloid papers having a large Masthead and small size paper

Converts conventions as image is smaller

Denotations:

Smug look on her face

suit

mid shot

image is larger

connotations:

Smug look - implies that she has control and is confident

suit - formal, impressive, leader, wealthy

mid shot - she is important, focus on her face

large image - severity of the situation, important

Myths:

naturalises the idea that women are powerful and confident leaders. Women in leadership roles.

conventions of broadsheet: lots of text

Soft news: gossipy, entertainment, celebrities: Tabloid - DM

Hard news: Serious, political, war, power elite: Broadsheet: G

Neale:

Tabloid & Broadsheet - two genres have converged

Dual convergence is when genres borrow conventions from another in use of media language and so resemble on another.

Genres change or decline in popularity. Generic codes and conventions are shared by producers and audiences through the repetition of conventions. Genres constantly evolve and become hybrids. They take on codes * conventions from other genres.

Thursday 7th November 2024

Media Language:

L/O: to explore the terminology of media language and codes & conventions in print news.

Do now:

1. Tabloid: Newspaper that shares soft news, is smaller in size, has more images than text, is informal in its lexis.

2. Broadsheet: Newspaper that shares hard news, is larger in size, has more text than images, formal lexis.

3.choices that require technical equipment or skills to produce.

4. meanings/signs that are communicated through the technical elements.

5. Genre: Genres change and develop over time, gaining or losing popularity. They develop and become hybrids. Codes & conventions are reinforced through repetition from audiences & producers.

Tabloid

Editing

Typography: Large text - emphasises importance, stereotypical of tabloid

Layout: trump to the side pointing at the reader - reference to old propaganda.

Mode of address: headline - use of a pun 'Trump all comebacks'. Image of trump directly addresses the reader.

Mise-En-Scene

Locations: outside - natural lighting.

Lighting: natural - can see trumps facial expression - smug grin. he is outside.

Camera

Shot type: Mid shot - focus is on trumps face and hand

Angle: eye level -looking him in the eyes.

Broadsheet:

Editing

Typography: 'American Dread' - large text, emphasises the danger and importance

Layout: Large image - converts stereotypes of broadsheet - emphasises importance

Mode of address: slightly more sophisticated lexis - 'Dread'

Mise-En-Scene

Locations: outside

Lighting: high key - emphasises his features, image is unflattering

Camera

Shot type: close-up: unflattering image, emphasises features.

Angle:

Wednesday 14th November 2024

Media Language & Case Studies

L/O: to analyse the IMPACT of media language and codes & conventions in set products

Do Now:

1) Shape with text in, usually promoting something

2) Main stories first paragraph - first of article

3) Area at the top of the paper, commonly seen with advertisements in.

4) Name of the paper

5) Headline of the main story

The daily mail has hybridised the hard and soft news genres through their use of typography. The lexis of slang words such as 'Pomp' and 'Pygmy' in their headline creates an almost satirical, soft view of the serious, political news of the riots as well as the US President meeting with the Queen, as well as the riots. This reinforces Neale's theory of genre, as it shows the development and hybridisation of genres over time.

The Daily Mail uses Media Language to show genre, viewpoints & ideologies. The daily mail hybridises the genres of Tabloid and Broadsheet through its use of Text. We can see the inspiration of the broadsheet genre through the Masthead's typography. The Serif font and black text connotes that it is a serious paper, which is paired with the use of an Icon which shows a coat of arms with a lion, a unicorn, a shield and a crown. This promotes the British values and ideologies that The Daily Mail believe in. This is chosen because the target audience of the daily mail believe in traditional British values, and will be more likely to read the paper if it promotes it. We can see the inspiration of the Tabloid through the text to Image ratio. There is little text on the page, and one main image.

We can see the reinforcing of viewpoints & ideologies from the use of colour. In the skybox, We can see an image of 'Samantha Brick' and a quote talking about her husband. This is placed in front of a large pink rectangle. This reinforces ideologies of women and femininity being associated with colours like pink. In addition, the main image of the royal family is surrounded by a purple text box. This matches the purple tie that Charles is seen to be wearing in the image. This is chosen because purple is a colour commonly associated with royalty. The Daily Mails target audience are lovers of the royal family.

Levi-Strauss:

Hidden rules that shape structure, communicates ideology, Binary opposites: Hot/Cold, Black/White, Men/Women.

LIBERAL:

adjective

1.
willing to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas.
"they have liberal views on divorce"
2.
relating to or denoting a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.

noun

1.
a supporter of policies that are socially progressive and promote social welfare.
2.
a supporter of a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.

Masthead:

Blue & white - progressive, stands out, new

Serif font - traditional, trustworthy.

takes up less space - room for more news

Colour:

Blue & White - liberal, progressive

Skyline & Puff:

Skyline - advertisments surrounding culture, moves - entertainment that is enjoyed by the audience

Splash/Lead Story:

Hard news - the guardian agrees that the spanish government did not do enough, standing up for the people

Harris & Trump - American Politics, Election, affects the UK

Byline:

Main Image:

Agreeing with the spanish people - standing up for them - spanish government did not help the people

shows the suffering, struggle and upset of the people who are suffering from the floods

Caption:

Headline:

Layout:

One large image for the main story - shows

Wednesday November 20th 2024

Media Language Q2 Practise

L/O: to analyse the use of media language and codes & conventions in set products

Do Now:

1) Physical elements that can be seen: masthead, colour, text etc. (editing, camerawork, mise-en-scene)

2) meanings created by the technical elements

3) Tabloid: More image, less text, soft news, red-top

Broadsheet: More text, less images, hard news, physically larger.

Mid-Market: Takes elements from both broadsheet and tabloid: text & images, colour, formal, same size as tabloid

4) The fake real (representations) is becoming more real than our reality, i.e. amusement parks like disney (hyperreality)

5) Postmodern texts are aware that they are texts: includes intertextuality, loss of versimility,

Baudrillard:

- postmodern society is dependant on the play of images & signs, which are simulations of our world.

- social distinctions are no longer important as individuals construct their identities in the simulation.

- Hyperreality - simulations are more real than our reality and now control us.

Signs: Masks, lockdown.

Simulacra/Hyper-reality: The jungle, not a real place,

Social Distinction: class

Mirror:

Masthead: Red, Sans Serif - Red is convention of tabloid genre. Sans Serif - Modern, Casual

Image: colour saturation - mocking, satirical

Headline: left wing ideologies, rhetorical question.

Daily Mail:

Masthead: Serif - serious, historic. Logo - British ideologies of patriotism, traditionalism, conservative

Headline: pun - 'Trump all comebacks". 'Thumping win' - positive

The use of convention in newspaper ensures that each genre is easily identifiable. Tabloid newspapers are recognised for their Red-Top, large images, small size, and softer, gossipy news. In contrast, Broadsheet papers are recognised for their Lack of colour, large amount of text, larger physical newspaper size, and their hard, serious news. The hybrid genre of Mid-Market tabloid takes aspects from both of these genres, through the text to image ratio, colourless and large masthead and a mix of hard and soft news in their articles.

The Daily Mirror fits into the genre of Tabloid, as we can see its vibrant red top with its masthead. The use of the colour red is a genre convention of Tabloid papers, which makes them stand out and catch the eyes of their audience. In addition, the use of a sans serif font creates the idea of modernity and being casual - as reinforced by the use of soft news. Furthermore, the text to image ration is a genre convention of tabloids. We can see this through the large image taking up the majority of the paper, with a small amount of text: masthead, stand-first etc. This shows that the Mirror reinforces genre conventions of Tabloid newspapers. The Daily mail fits into the genre of mid-market tabloid, as we cam see the Broadsheet style masthead paired with the tabloid style text to image ratio. The Masthead of The Daily Mail is black and white, and uses a serif font. This combination creates connotations of seriousness and importance. In addition, we can see a logo in the middle of the words. In this logo is a coat of arms, lions and the England flag. This shows that the Daily Mail follows ideologies of British values such as patriotism and traditionalism.

The use of the main image in both newspapers is the same, but creates different viewpoints & ideologies.

In the Daily Mail, The image uses a slightly low angle, close up shot with high key lighting. This allows us to focus on Trumps smug expression. This high key lighting also literally places him in a positive light. This image is paired with the Main headline: "A comeback to Trump all comebacks". Furhtermore, the subheadings of 'Thumping Win', 'Liberals bewildered and fearful' and 'nightmare for starmer' use lexis that implies that the Daily mail are proud of Trumps win and unsympathetic to the left wing supporters who are unhappy because of it. The use of the Pun 'Trump' - relating to his name, paired with the image portraying him positively, and the anti-left wing subheadings shows that the Daily Mail's political viewpoints are aligned to the right wing.

In the Daily Mirror, The image is also close up and low angle. However the image has been edited to be a more saturated colour. This is done to ridicule and satirise Trump, as he is known for his Orange skin tone. This is paired with the main Headline "What have they done... Again?". This shows that

In these sources, media conventions are used to display the political viewpoints of each paper. Though certain aspects are used for similar effect, they each display different connotations which lead to different viewpoints.

Wednesday 27th November 2024

Representation

L/O: to explore the constructions of representations in papers and the impact of contexts on these representations.

Do Now

1. Comparison - bullet points in the question

2. Baudrillard

3. When a representation becomes the reality

4. When you can't tell the difference between the fake real and the real real

5. Tabloid, Broadsheet, Mid-Market Tabloid

4/5

Within our society, there is a dominant group that holds positions of power within all social institutions or owns the production of cultural products.

Academic theorists suggest that, in general, members of this DG have the following characteristics:

- Able Bodied

- Capitalist

- Christian

- Heterosexual

- Male

- Middle Aged

- Middle Class

- University Educated

- Western

- White

Dominant Ideology: the social experience, values and beliefs of the dominant group.

Because the dominant group have access to power and a means of communication , they have control and influence over the way in which other social groups are seen and understood.

Individuals who do not fit the characteristics of the dominant group would be classes as being from the subordinate group. A White, British working class woman would fall into the dominant ethnic group but nor the class and gender group.

This suggests that the representations of individuals and social groups will always involve bias towards the dominant group because:

- dominant group includes those who construct the representations in news

- representations of other groups, positive or negative, helps to maintain the social position of the dominant group

Women -

Nell Frizzell - model, journalist

Main Image - working class

Britain - western society

Chancellor: Rachel reeves - female, high position of power.

Women -

model (Kate?) - dressed up, attractive, middle class - can afford nice things.

Rachel Reeves - chancellor, high power position.

Starmer - male, socialist, prime minister

Elton John -

Contexts:

he choices made by editors when considering how they represent events, issues, individuals and social groups are influenced by ownership, Economic factors, news values and political bias and regulation.

Ownership:

-Media Barons

-Journalists

Economic Factors:

- Capitalism

- Newspaper Genre

News Values & Political Bias:

- Genre

- Target Audiences

- Political Agenda

Regulation:

- Free Press

- Self-Regulation

Ownership:

Media barons who are in charge of the papers will decide which stories to put in the papers. If they do not agree with certain values or groups, they will not be put in the paper. Also, if they have friends, they may choose to promote them in the paper, limiting the representations found.

Journalists who write the articles will not write about certain groups or values if they do not agree with the opinions & ideologies.

Selection

Representation occurs as a result of selection (through gatekeeping) and combination (the way different features are selected and combined).

Gatekeeping will depends on the appeal to the target audience & how the stories can be shaped to reflect a particular political agenda or viewpoints.

This process of selection also includes the act of de-selection: which social groups are not represented and why.

Combination:

No. of stories: 4

Royal family: prince william working as a soldier

River Taff floods

Free food for primary school kids - helping those who cant afford it.

The Jungle - I'm a celeb

Prince William presented as brave and powerful for doing military work - reinforces dominant group

Caralyn Moreton - female, presented as brave and heroic - positive rep, undermines dominant group

No representations of disability, sexuality or non-binary gender identities - reinforces dominant group

No. of stories: 8

Prince William - military work

Electric Vehicles

Commonwealth games - removal of Ulster Banner

Businesses facing tax raids

Former Pms against assisted dying

NCHI's settling grudges

Israel ceasefire

John Lewis worried about minimum wage

Alison Pearson - female

Make-Up - suggesting.

Thursday 28th November 2024

Representation theory in newspapers

L/O: to explore the use of stereotypes in representations in papers and to explore relevant representation theories.

Do Now:

1. University Educated, Western, White, Christian, Male, Heterosexual, Middle Class, older/middle aged, Able-bodied.

2. Historical, Economic, Social, Cultural, Political - News Bias & regulation

3. Choosing what is and isn't shown in the news

4. The beliefs & representations shown in the media

5. Elements & meanings associated with a specific genre - expectations of content and layout.

Class: Stay-at-home husband: not working - 'Loathe' - hated.

This Morning Boss - middle class, likely high paying position.

Age: Older - dominant group

Gender: Female - women as mothers, Women needing support from their husbands. Reinforcing men as the dominant group. No representation of non-binary gender identities. Fixed Binary

Ethnicity: White - dominant group. Hate towards people who are immigrants.

Disability: able bodied as dominant group - Dementia as a disability - represented as helpless, vulnerable and dependant - reinforcing able bodied as dominant group.

Class: 'Big Night Out' - expects people to have money to go out/to be earning money -

suits, SUV - middle class

Upper class - Fayed - represented as dangerous

Age: Mix of representations of age - definitely younger.

Gender: men as abusive - Fayed - negative. Majority women. Only representing binary gender identities.

Ethnicity: Lebanon - middle eastern. Positive representation - they look happy. Supports subordinate group

Disability: Able bodied as dominant group - no representations of disability

Class: Pope -

Hollywood - rich, upper class.

Age: Older - pope, Dominant group.

Gender:

Ethnicity: Britons - white as the dominant group. Italian - pope.

Disability:

Realism:

constructed realism = the way in which media products use technical elements and media language to make it look real but is:

- a version of reality

- constructed through a series of choices made by the editor/journalist

- audiences tend to accept these versions as real. The constant repetition of similar representations help these to become natural

- the ideology embedded in these representations is then also accepted.

Bell Hooks:

Multiple identities and systems of oppression overlap with each other. Intersectionality draws attention to the importance of how identities come together to cause oppression. This results in a 'White supremacist, capitalist patriarchy'.
Feminism challenges patriarchy.

Advantages:

- Applied to any media products, including newspapers, especially with gender rep

- Intersectionality draws attention to misrepresentations and stereotypes based on one or more of gender, race, class and sexuality and their inter-relationship with newspaper representations.

DisAdvantages:

Thursday 5th December 2024

Do Now:

1) Gender trouble - those who don't fit

2) gender performance reinforcing heteronormative ideologies - becomes naturalised through repetition

3) post-colonialism - us vs them treatment of immigrants - england failed to mourn the loss of empire

4) the black atlantic - brought culture over because of slavery

5) neither are specific to LFTVDs, doesn't take other factors into account.

Wednesday 11th December 2024

Print News: Representation - The Daily Mail

L/O: Representations in cast study newspapers Daily Mail

Do Now:

1. Bell Hooks - Intersectionality

2. Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Disability

Representation - representations are repeated to create meaning. Representations are whats there and not.

Audience - audiences interpretations of texts vary - Oppositional, Negotiated, Preferred

4. Identity - audiences pick and choose aspects to add to their audiences, identity isn't fixed.

5. Feminist theory - objectification of women in media. Masculinity and Femininity created through performance

Industry Contexts:

DGMT

Media Baron - Rothemere

capitalist ideologies

Women - on 'Prozac' - antidepressant, Medical misogyny. MP - stereotypically male. Standing up for 'vulnerable women'. Right Wing ideology - GPs paid for by taxes, capitalist state. Women represented negatively

'Hot Assassin' - men as dominant group, Women attracted to him - right wing heteronormative ideals.

'Hot assassin' - sensationalised. Men as dominant group - represented positively. Heteronormative

Holiday Drinking - women in main image. Represents women negatively

Minority group - Syria. 'ISIS prisoners' represented negatively. Demonises Syria - Bloodthirsty regime. British culture - defensive

Damascus Fighter - image represents as violent, criminal & aggressive. freedom fighter demonised.

'Fleeing', 'Rebels', 'vulnerable' emotive language.

Gilroy - Us VS Them treatment of refugees.

Events, issues, individuals, social groups

CEO Assassin - 'Grinning', 'Killing', 'Assassin' - alliteration, not taken seriously.

Starmer: 'Bingo Hall', 'parade' 'Nerdspeak' - represented in a joking manner. 'Bingo Hall' implies he is not popular/well liked. 'Parade' - treated as a joke. 'Nerdspeak' - informal, implies he doesn't know how to do his job. Reinforces right wing ideology.

Women - 'Husband's parents/wedding photos'.

No ethnic diversity

No Disability

CAGED

Women - Reeves, Kate

Kate - royalty, carol service, represented positively. Wearing a dress & bow - cares about her appearance, stereotypical of women.

Kate - higher class, royalty.

Rachel Reeves - Chancellor, high position of power, positive representations of women

No representations of Disability

No varied Ethnicity

Butler Performativity: woman looking after the kids - reinforces gender stereotypes..

Butler: Gender Performativity

Gender is created through performance, reinforces heteronormativity

Gender Trouble - those who don't fit heteronormative ideologies

Gilroy: Post-Colonialism

Black Atlantic - African, American, Caribbean & British - blend of cultures

The history of colonialism influences attitudes towards ethnicity. Us Vs Them - superiority of white western society

Britain failed to mourn the loss of empire = Post Colonialism

Thursday 12 December 2024

Print News: Representation - The Guardian

L/O: to analyse the constructions of representation in case studies and the impact of contexts on these representations

Do Now:

1. White - Ethnicity sensationalised personal emotive journalism

2. Middle Class - Class negative representations of minority groups/absence of them

3. Male - Gender positive representations of traditional family values.

4. Gender Performativity - gender is created through performance. Reinforces heteronormativity. Gender Trouble for those who don't fit.

5. Post-colonialism - Fail to mourn the loss of empire. Black Atlantic - combining of Caribbean, American, African & British. Us vs Them treatment of immigration - superior white western society.

Syrian Rebel Leader, Sara Sharif's Murder - National & Global

Objective - Ministers to axe more than 10,000 jobs

Critical of DG: Sara Sharif's Father - Men as violent

Varied representations of Gender, Age, Ethnicity.

Positive representations of Sexuality - Skybox. Unclear representations of Class. No representations of Disability.

Football in skybox - able bodied

Israel, Health CEO - Global Affairs

Objective - Care homes for asylum seekers, CEO assassin

Mix of Gender & Ethnic representation. Lack of representation of Disability or sexuality. Assumed Middle Class representations. Representations of Younger Ages - assumed to not be middle class.

Syria - Global Affairs

Human Slaughterhouse

Objective: CEO assassin

Critical of DG: My father the serial killer.

Majority representations of Men. Mix of ethnicity, Class, Age, No representation of Disability or Sexuality

Analysis:

We can see the guardians left wing opinion through the range of representations found in their front covers. We can see varied representations of ethnicity in both the main image and the skybox. The main article and the main image are discussing the Syrian rebels celebrating the fall of 'Assad' and 'the hope of a better future'. This is a positive representation of different ethnicities, as it is joining them in celebration of their new freedom. In addition, the skybox, there is a pull quote from the Mike Leigh and Marianne Jean-Baptiste article, with an image of them both next to it. Both look quite serious, as seen through the Mise-En-Scene of their facial expression and their darker clothing. These positive representations of ethnicity are expected out of a broadsheet newspaper with hard news, and can be seen as criticising the dominant group, which is expected of The guardian.

We can see the guardian's left wing opinion through the range of representations of Ethnicity, Gender, Age and Sexuality on the front cover. We can see the varied representations of ethnicity in the Main Image. The Article and Image are discussing the brutal death of Sara Sharif. The use of Lexis in 'Living Hell' is done to invoke sympathy in the reader, making them upset and guilty that Sara was murdered. Whilst her death was inhumane, the guardian presents it in a way that easily conveys the brutality of it and does not misrepresent her.

We can see the positive representations of Sexuality in the skybox. This is done in the 'Most gigantic gay movie in history' article. Furthermore, the two men are represented in a way that is no stereotypical. They are not 'camp', and they look like regular people. This subverts the stereotypical representations expected in newspapers.

Butler:

LGBTQ+ rep in skybox, not stereotypical representations. reduces gender trouble.

Sara: 10 yrs old but wearing make up and large earrings - culture difference

Gilroy:

Syria - demonising other cultures - 'pursuing torturers'.

Sara murdered in the UK - undermines the UK's system.

Thursday 19th December 2024

Practice News exam Q2

Do Now:

1) Analyse & Compare - theory

2) Daily Mail, Guardian - SOURCE A & B - case study and non case study

3) Semiology - Connotations, Denotations ,Myths

4) LIAR - Media Language, Media Industry, Media Audience, Media Representations

5) how far - which you agree with & assert points

Q2:

15 marks, 25 minutes.

use the bullet points to help assemble a plan

Genre - changes over time

Yes:

Guardian changed to compact tabloid size. Masthead has changed

shows political allegiance shows values of the paper

masthead coloured, subheading development of cover design

printed on not black & white paper

skybox contains a pun, tabloid style with a liberal POV.

No:

Financial Times kept broadsheet size, keeps front page advertisements, traditional from 1960's

Both feature hard news

Masthead & headline with traditional serif font]

Genre Conventions of Broadsheet:

Hard News - serious, political, financial, international news & events. factual & not sensationalised.

Text to image ratio - more copy, traditional.

Serif Font

black & White - traditional broadsheet newspapers.

Large sized papers - double the size of tabloid

representations focus on thw dominant group

Changed:

News sometimes features celebrities - celebrity culture

Now uses a range of colour

Smaller size - same as tabloid - decrease in readership lead to attempts to save money

Q2:

There are some aspects of Broadsheet Genre conventions that have developed and changed over time, however there are also some elements that have not changed. Some Broadsheets have kept these conventions whilst others have taken on a new style. We can see both of these in newspapers such as 'The Guardian' and the 'Financial Times'.

Traditional genre conventions of broadsheets include the content, text to image ratio, fonts, colours, size and representations. Broadsheet newspaper's content would traditional share 'Hard News', which focuses on serious, factual information surrounding politics, finance, war etc. This information would be detailed and sophisticated, meaning there would be more copy and less images. The colours used would be black and white, as coloured ink would be expensive, and a serif font would be used to connote the seriousness of the news. This news would also focus on representations of the Dominant Group - white, middle aged, christian, educated men. Furthermore, the physical size of the papers would be large and A3, double the size of a tabloid newspaper.

We can see some element of this in both the Guardian and the Financial Times. Both continue to have Image to Text rations that have more copy than text. We can see this on the front covers of the 22nd of May 2024. There is a minimal amount of images, and a large amount of text in organised columns. Furthermore, the use of a Serif font has stayed consistent in both the headlines and the articles.

The Guardian has changed genre conventions, through its size, representations, colour, content and layout, whilst the Financial Times has upheld traditional conventions. The Guardian have decreased the size of their papers to A4 - the same as a tabloid paper. This was done due to a decrease in sales of the paper. Changing the size lead to less money being spent, and so they saved more money to use to create the papers. However, the Financial Times still has it's A3 size, which upholds the traditional genre conventions of broadsheets. This shows that whilst Broadsheet conventions are continuing to develop, some papers continue to follow the traditional style.

The financial Times has also continued to follow the traditional Layout of broadsheet papers. This can be seen through the placement of the Large, Serif masthead at the top of the front cover. Whilst the Guardian still has their placement in the top 3rd of their paper, its size and style has changed to account for the smaller size of the papers. It is placed in a blue skybox, which contains a pull quote. This subverts the genre conventions of a broadsheet paper. Whilst most Guardian skyboxes contain advertisements, this one doesn't. This subverts the genre conventions expected of a broadsheet newspaper. The Financial times has continued these conventions through having an advertisement of an expensive watch in the bottom corner. This appeals to their target audience.

An element of Broadsheets that the guardian has not changed is the use of black text on white paper. in contrast, the financial times has changed this by printing its newspaper on a peach/salmon coloured paper.

To summarise, some newspapers have continued to uphold the traditional genre conventions of a broadsheet newspaper, however, others have taken on the new changes seen in the genre. The Financial Times has continued with the traditional broadsheet conventions, but the guardian has developed the genre and has subverted the expectations of a broadsheet.

Wednesday 8th January 2025

Do Now:

1. Theory - Q1, Comparison - Q2 Media Language & Representation

2. Q1

3. Bullet points from the question

4.Theory, A, B, A, B, conclusion

5. Semiology - study of signs. Denotations -> Connotations -> Myths.

Online News

L/O: to explore the industry, regulation and ownership of online, social & participatory news of the Mail Online.

1. Lockdown/Pandemic - people unable to go out and buy papers. Younger generation not reading newspapers - digital natives. costs less to put out a post than to make an entire newspaper.

2. Advertisements, Subscriptions, Pay Walls, Interactions/Clicks.

3. People can now access the news anywhere. Audiences expect the news instantly/as it happens. Quicker to see the news on social media than to buy a newspaper which will have the news the day after.

4. News outlets cannot put out certain news as it may be too intense and a younger audience may accidentally see it. Audiences are now able to comment on the news and can complain and ask that the news is taken down if it goes against what they believe. IPSO, Self Regulation

MailOnline Fact File

Statistics:

DMGT has 20.1% shares of the market

- Tablet

- Desktop

- Mobile

- Social Media

2017 - £119M

Production:

Content between Print & Online is separate. The news found online is exclusive to MailOnline.

800 people, 1500 articles, 560 videos per day.

Separate editor between Print & Online.

Same values

Main news is entertainment, celebrity and lifestyle - Dominated by images

Distribution:

Distributed across converged platforms - Website, Apps, Social Media.

Now has Snapchat content

Reduced distribution costs + Enhanced profit.

Global reach in online content - sites for UK, USA, Australia & India

Younger audience attracted

Circulation:

Most visited english language news site

1/3 of traffic from USA & Australia

22M browsers every month

15M TikTok followers, 4M YouTube subscribers, 14M Snap, App is most engaged in UK

Regulation:

readers can complain to IPSO about news on any platform

at least 39 complaints since 2015 - 2 upheld

content made by journalists is regulated, but comments by audiences aren't. Journalists are tasked with Filtering of comments (removing comments if there is too much uproar/they are deemed offensive, Removing the article etc). This is difficult to do due to the large amount of viewers.

- More misinformation, inaccuracies or privacy invasion due to gossip, but this can be regulated if the journalists are the ones posting/creating it.

- Sharing, Commenting & interactions are encouraged, but it's success is debatable.

1. Digital convergence has allowed for the Daily Mail to quickly and easily distribute & Circulate its news. We can see this through the rapid updating of news on their website "MailOnline".

Thursday 9th January 2025

1. Moving to online methods - mixing of technologies

2. IPSO

3. Different types of online - Tablet, Mobile, Laptop, Website, App - most visited news outlet in the UK.

4. Bullet Points from the questions - Theory, Source A, Source B, A, B

5. Theory, Source A, Source B, A, B - Bullet Points from the questions

theguardian.com Factfile:

Statistics:

Launched in 2008

Third largest newspaper in the world

roughly 34.7M monthly users globally

- Desktop

- Mobile

- Laptop

- Social Media

Digital Revenue = £108.6M, Increase of 15% in 2017.

makes 50% of GMG revenue

readers can subscribe from £11.99 for additional content

reader revenue grew by 8% to £88.2M, over 56% from out of the UK.

supporter base is well over 1M

Production:

retains the same values as print

additional features such as the 'Opinions' section and 'Soulmates'

covers a range of subjects

constantly updated by journalists.

Distribution:

digitally distributed across digitally converged platforms

distribution costs are reduced and profit is enhanced

distributed through a partnership deal with Yahoo

Circulation:

circulation icreased by 25%

34.7M monthly global users

1.15 million users access the guardian by mobile or tablet

Regulation:

Self-regulated - readers editor regulates both print and online

1. Constant update

Wednesday 15th January 2025

Online News

L/O: to explore the audience appeal and use of online, social and participatory news in the MailOnline

Do Now:

1) Technological developments - internet, lockdown, younger genneration

2) Self Regulated - readers editor

3) Tablet, Social media, Laptop, Website. 22M cross platform monthly readers

4) Sharing, Liking, Commenting, range of social media to post on.

5) Quicker, breaking news is immediate

Terminology:

Ad-Like: liking or clicking onto an advert on a digital website

Click-Stream: a record of a person's online activities, such as the websites they visit and how long they spend on each one.

Echo Chambers: On social media, it is thought that echo chambers limit exposure to diverse perspectives, and favour and reinforce presupposed narratives and ideologies. An echo chamber is "an environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own."

Front door traffic: encouraging users to view newspaper content on their website rather than another site.

Desktop:

Mobile & Tablet:

Social Media:

All focus around 'Mail Online'

How do news brands reach different audiences using online platforms and what questions does this raise?

News Brands reach audiences through posting news and articles on a variety of apps and platforms. For example, The Daily Mail has accounts on a range of social media accounts like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter/X and TikTok. The Facebook and Twitter/X social media pages will appeal to and likely reach an older audience, whilst Instagram and TikTok will appeal to the younger generations. Whilst on these platforms, audiences will like, comment, share and generally interact with news articles and other fans of the Daily Mail. This then creates an 'Echo Chamber', where fans are constantly shown news that reinforces their beliefs and ideologies.

If fans are only being shown news that reinforces what they already believe, there will be a less diverse range of representations in the news they receive. If that is the case, then there is a concern about whether readers are actually being shown news that will benefit them and inform them, or whether they are simply being shown things that will interest, entertain or get a reaction out of them so that the Daily Mail can gain more clicks, likes, shares, comments and therefore gain more circulation & money. This also raises the concerning question as to whether the news is factual or not.

Celebrity - Bad news of divorce

news Agenda - gossipy news expected of tabloids

Entertainment - Celebrity gossip

Politics - relevance

Follow up - from minister resigning

Good news? - Keir star

Good news - New netflix drama

constant use of blue - brand colouring

mix of serif and sans serif font - old branding of print daily mail with new online, modern branding. chaotic

chaotic layout - news articles everywhere, unorganised. in columns but the colums are not very well structured

Lexis - informal

information, entertainment

social interaction

Thursday 16th January 2024

Online News

L/O: to explore audience appeal and use of online, social and participatory news; to explore the academic theory of audience and apply to the online news examples.

Do Now:

1. clicking on/liking advertisements

2. taking data to see what people like, how long hey interact with a website

3. encouraging/directing readers to interact with the main page/site - interacting from the website, not a link.

4. people hearing and interacting with opinions that align with their own

5. Range of content, range of ways to interact: website, app, commenting, liking, sharing, social media. easy and quick to use

4 million daily browsers

67% 35+

33% ages 15-25 (print is 9.5%)

majority ABC1

34.7M monthly global unique users

24.2M UK Monthly cross platform users.

Wednesday 22nd January 2025

Online News:

L/O: to explore the use of media language in online, social and participatory news.

Navigation bar: different subheadings for each news genre
Social media links: facebook

reader sign in link: 'Subscribe', 'log in'

ADvertsiements are blocked by school

News content: trump

copy: "President Trump issued a scathing rebuke of Episcopal Bishop of Washington Mariann Budde after she went viral with a wild political sermon at the National Prayer Service on Tuesday"

Headline: "Trump goes biblical on.."

Font & Typeface: Mainly Sans Serif - modern, new. Serif for 'Mail' - continues the Daily Mail branding

Feature Article: Trump inauguration

Central images: Trump & Bishop - gifs.

Adverts: top of the page

Masthead: "mailOnline" - font matches daily mail brand - top of the page =most important -

Colour Palette: Blue & White - subverts expectations of a tabloid.

Comments button: 1.5k comments on Trump

Share Links: share to Facebook

Page links: Link to the article?

Masthead: Demand for Johnny Depp's fragrance...

Daily Mail:

Conventions for online news:

- Instant, regular updates on news

- different sections for different types of news: sports, science, politics etc.

- interactivity: comment, like, share

- articles

Social media:

- less formal

- shorter = less text

- text to image ratio is smaller

Halls theory:

Dominant reading: Trump is a powerful and terrifying leader

Negotiated

Oppositional

Headline: "Trump goes biblical on.."

Font & Typeface: Mainly Sans Serif - modern, new. Serif for 'Mail' - continues the Daily Mail branding

Feature Article: Trump inauguration

Central images: Trump & Bishop - gifs.

Adverts: top of the page

Masthead: "mailOnline" - font matches daily mail brand - top of the page = most important -

Colour Palette: Blue & White - subverts expectations of a tabloid.

Comments button: 1.5k comments on Trump

Share Links: share to Facebook

Page links: Link to the article?

Conventions of daily mail:

right wing opinion

1. a convention in the print and online versions is the text to image ratio. There is more image than text.

Banner: Mail Online

Profile Picture: Mail Online

Thursday 23rd January 2025

Media Language - The Guardian

L/O: to explore use of media language in online, social and participatory news; to explore Media Language academic theory and apply this to online news examples

Do Now:

1. Fast, text & images & audio, articles, interactivity - comments, likes, sharing

2. far less text, informal, more image, interactivity - comments, likes, sharing - amplifies belonging on social media

3. Levi Strauss

4. Neale

5. Postmodernism, Hyperreality, Simulation, Simulacra

Banner: Blue, 'The Guardian', 'Sign in'

Navigation bar: different subheadings for different genres

Reader Sign in link: top right

News content: lots of different articles, updated regularly, live articles

Copy: click on articles to read, some articles have a small paragraph under the headline

headline: either beneath or to the side of the image

Feature article: main one at the top of each section

Central Images: not as many, smaller and either above or next to the mastheads

Font & Typeface: serif font, Masthead is largest in size, headlines slightly larger than copy.

Advert: in the articles

Colour Palette: Blue for the banner - matches the guardian's brand identity. White for the masthead - matches the print, consistent, keeps up their values and believes - they are reliable. Black text on white page - consistant to print

Comments: can only be left on the 'opinions' section.

Share link: red at the bottom of the articles

Page links: links to different pages with similar content at the bottom of the article. Links to different genres of news in banner

Banner: blue - matches print and website

Masthead: 'The guardian' - same as print and website

The guardian's articles present their viewpoints and ideologies. In this articles, they are sympathetic and understanding towards the people of Palestine & Gaza.

The MailOnline presents the daily Mail's viewpoints and ideologies. This is shown in this article, where they are demonising Russia/Putin and placing the west and UK on a pedestal.

Wednesday 29th January 2024

compared to print news, online representations:

- immediate global reach

- greater combination of media language convention, such as video and text to construct and combine representations and ideology

- accessed differently by readers, discussed through participation, identify viewpoints

- reinforced ideologies of individualism, globalism and consumerism

INDIVIDUALISM:

- worth of the individual over the social group. associated with capitalist ideals of free enterprise, the pursuit of profit and the right to self realisation and freedom.

GLOBALISATION

-A process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected due to increased trade and cultural exchange. This has seen greater trade and free movement of capital goods and services with the most successful companies being multi-national

CONSUMERISM

- the acquisition of goods and services in ever increasing amounts. Economic policies emphasise consumption and are linked to the idea of individualism with the consumption as the free choice of the consumer. it cuts across social groups in focusing on the interests of the consumer.

Class: Celebrities - higher classes

Age: Middle aged

Gender: Mainly men

Ethnicity: Majority White

Disability: not represented

Thursday 30th January 2025

L/O: to

Do now:

1. everyone as individuals - prioritising the individuals

2. world is becoming interconnected through exchange

3. buying - consumption of products or goods

4. Hall - representation

5. intersectionality - feminism

Globalisation - Johnny Depp is from America - American products as important

Consumerism: advertisement for fragrance - promotes Johnny Depp

Individualism - not seen

Globalisation: events happening in Northern California. Shows that American news is important

Individualism: the individual celebrity over the social group of white, American men. American news as important

Social Groups - celebrities, white people, mix of genders

Events: Tom welling arrested with DUI in Northern California.

Issues: Drunk Driving. White men as criminals, Celebrity gossip?

Social Groups: White, Middle aged, Middle class, able bodied men

Individuals: Tom Welling

Events: Trump winning the election - Daily Mail in support of America

Issues:

Social Groups: White, Older, Upper class, able bodied, American men

Individuals: Trump

Events: Murderer Colin Griffith, mountain lion cubs

Issues:

Social Groups:

Individuals:

Hall:

Representation makes many meanings through presence and absence

Gauntlett:

Audiences choose their own identities

Van Zoonen: Objectification of women in the media - context & performance

Bell Hooks: Intersectionality - different elements of identity come together to create oppression. This reinforces the idea of patriarchy. Women - specifically black women - have an oppositional gaze against the patriarchy

Judith Butler: Gender is created through performance. Reinforces heteronormativity. This creates gender trouble.

Paul Gilroy: Black Atlantic, us vs them treatment of immigration.

Hall representation:

White, Middle Class, Middle aged men

Thursday 6th February 2025

Representations in the Guardian

L/O: to analyse representations in online, social & participatory news in the guardian. Explore and apply representation theory to the case study examples

Do Now:

1. White Men - Traditional values, Family values.

2. Middle Class - Sensationalised, emotive, personalised

3. Right wing ideologies

4. Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Disability

5. Quick updates, easy access, Variety of news - individualism, globalisation, consumerism

1. gender performativity - what we do not who we are, gender trouble

2. Feminist theory - women objectified in the media, affected by context of the same, created by performance

3. post colonialism - Britain failed to mourn loss of empire, Trans Black Atlantic, us Vs Them treatment of immigration.

4. Identity - people pick and choose aspects to apply to their own identities, identity is complex

5. intersectionality - different elements come together to make oppression, reinforces patriarchal society, women take an oppositional gaze against the patriarchy

social welfare: looking after social groups/caring for

politics and current affairs - Donald Trump & China

centre-left - criticising trump

social welfare - caring about the death of a 17 year old girl who had to wait for NHS therapy

representing social groups - young girl

centre-left - caring about minority groups

individualism - caring about the individual

representations of sports & culture

English values of sports - western cultural values

Globalisation - world news section - regular updates world wide

Consumerism - advertisements in between the sections

Events

sports events - majority men represented, one women's events.

UK ideologies of loving sports

Hall: lack of various gender representations. Representations higher classes - no lower class

Representations of middle aged - no lower or older

Mix of ethnicity representations - different places, India

Issues

representations of both global and local issues

World news section - representations of global issues, subheadings of each section are of different places in the world i.e, Africa, America, Asia Pacific etc.

Trump's presidential reign unleashing sadism and defiance - Issues in America

Rights of the LGBTQ community

Social Groups

Representations of Palestinians, global issues in the middle east

The guardian cares about people who are suffering & experiencing a genocide

Hall: Representations of Palestinians

Gilroy: against the superiority of white western culture

Individuals

focus on Jen Bridges-Chalkley and what she went through. Representations of social groups - younger women with mental health struggles

Bell Hooks: Female, Younger, Working class, Struggles with mental disabilities

Wednesday 12th February 2025

News PPE DIRT

L/O: to reflect on the mock exam and identify areas to improve

INTRO:

Bell Hooks:

- Feminism

- Intersectional: Race, Sexuality, Gender, Class

PARA 1:

- Daily Mail

image = lack of racial representation - no intersectionality

PARA 2:

- Daily Mirror

image = mix of racial representation - slightly intersectionality

PARA 3:

- Daily Mail

Lexis = 'Warrior Queen', 'Femininity'

PARA 4:

- Daily Mirror

Lexis = 'Women'

BBC challenge to newspapers as this is funded by the license fee and so takes online traffic forum newspaper sites.

The guardian increase in cover price & guardian no longer publishing circulation figures

Ownership models: Media Barons & Trust

Thursday 13th February 2025 (birthday :D)

representation - the guardian

L/O: to analyse representations in online, social & participatory news in the Guardian; Explore and apply representations theory to the case study examples.

Do Now:

1. Left Wing ideologies - diversity of social groups

2. Mix of Ethnic representations

3. Mix of Gender representations

4. Hall, Van Zoonen, Gauntlett, Butler, Gilroy, Bell Hooks

5. Globalisation, Individualism, Culturalism consumerism

consumerism - getting a hot drink

individualism in commenting

Globalisation - world wide news

representations of white, middle class, middle aged men - dominant group with social power

individualism in commenting

Globalisation - American news

representations of DG

Individualism - freedom of speech in the comments

Globalisation - American News

Globalisation - commenting on posts/articles. Video is discussing Trump negatively. Preferred meaning: positive, connections everywhere. Comments on post about trump paying in trial.

Access to news in different countries - America, Middle East, Africa, Australia. creates the meaning that global news is important as it not only affects the people in those countries but affects us too.

Individualism -

commenters have freedom of speech - they can type and post anything

Consumerism - articles about products (coffee, vapes etc.) creates the preferred meaning that consumerism is a key part of our society. No explicit consumerist posts

Events:

Trump elected - negative comments & lexis in articles. Creates connotations that Trump is bad.

Issues:

Trumps election for health secretary - presented as negative

Los Angeles wildfires - represented negatively, highlighting people trying to flee them.

Social Groups:

Class - Middle/Upper Class mostly dominates stories. creates connotations that middle/upper class are more powerful and dominant

Age - Usually older people dominating stories

Gender - Mix of gender representations - majority male. Trump, Mr Wyden, Footballer. E Jean carroll, Taylor Swift,

Ethnicity - mix of ethnic representations - mostly white

Disability - No representations of disability

Individuals:

Trump - connotes that he is important & powerful.

Taylor swift - golden globes - she is important, powerful

Van Zoonen:

Cultural context of Trump forced to pay to E jean Carroll - creates gender identity of women being powerful and

Taylor Swift wearing a tight fitting dress - Objectifies her. Her appearing at the golden globes makes her important and powerful.

Thursday 27th February 2024

News Contexts

Do Now:

1. Gender Performativity - gender created through performance, reinforces heteronormativity, gender trouble for those that aren't heteronormative

2. Representation is what is present and what is not, reinforces ideology

3. Objectification of women, created by performance, influenced by contexts - culture and history.

4. intersectionality - gender, ethnicity, disability, age etc. parts come together to make oppression, oppositional gaze against the patriarchy.

5. Britain failed to mourn loss of empire, us VS Them treatment of immigration, black atlantic - jamaican, american, british, african. superiority of white western cultures

Historical: Daily Mail Masthead with logo - traditional british roots with the coat of arms.

Social: mix of gender representations - mostly male but one woman included.

Cultural: apple or spotify - culture of streaming music and podcasts. QR code - online culture. dailymail.co.uk - online culture, websites.

Political: Keir Starmer & Trump. Starmer represented negatively, Trump represented positively

Economical: Cheaper for subscribers - £1.10 normal, 80p for subscribers

Historical: Use of print papers is historical and dates back to the 17th century.

Social: Lionesses - representing women

Cultural: Red Telephone boxes - British culture

Political: Keir Starmer & Trump - presenting Trump in a negative way and Starmer positively.

Economic: cheaper for subscribers: £3 normal, £1.96 for subscribers

Wednesday 5th March 2025

News Context Questions

L/O: to explore the questions surrounding contexts of the news industry

Do Now:

1) context that is an effect of history

2) context that is an effect of politics

3) context that is an effect of anything surrounding money

4) context that is an effect of individuals/groups

5) context that is an effect of culture from a group/country

Political:

DM & Rothemere - right wing

G - Left wing

G - hard news often including politics

Free press - self regulation - 4th estate

4th Estate - questioning power, not affected by power, be able to publicly criticise

reflect - political bias & agenda.

Historical:

DM - Logo, coat of arms, lion, unicorn

DM - follows traditional british values

G & DM - Print News - traditional, oldest form

Change over time to online

G - changing broadsheet format to tabloid - fall of print news

Economic:

Change from broadsheet to tabloid size - G

closing printing factory - DM

Decrease in sales of print news - move to online

Advertisements, Paywalls, Subscriptions, donations - make money

G - no advertising fossil fuels, gambling

Social:

reporting on social events

readers as individuals & social groups

inclusion of social groups

Cultural:

online culture - expecting news instantly

British papers - multiculturalism

varied news topic

celebrity culture of gossip

consumerism

Social:

Explain how social contexts influence newspapers and their content

Social contexts influence newspapers and their content through the news that either is or isn't reported on. The news commonly reinforces the views & beliefs of society & the papers readers. We can see this in Newspapers such as the Guardian and The Daily Mail.

The Guardian usually contains a wide range of representations in the news it puts out. For example, we can see a range of ethnicities, such as American, Ukrainian, Palestinian, English etc. This inclusion of different social groups reflects the social contexts of issues at the time, such as Russia invading Ukraine, Israel invading Palestine and the American presidential election. This shows the current Social Anxieties & concerns that the viewers may be having and would like to be updated on. This news also reinforces the Centre Left views & beliefs that the readers follow.

The Daily Mail similarly does this, but with right wing beliefs. The Paper commonly represents the Americans & English - such as Keir Starmer and Donald Trump. They commonly represent Starmer Negatively and Trump Positively. This is because they follow a right wing opinion. They choose to discuss this news as it reflects the current social concerns of the election & politics.

Both papers represent a range of news genres, such as sports, politics, lifestyle, games etc. This represents the topics that society have as their current affairs.

5/3- Good start, middle mark band- T: More examples of social contexts explored.

Thursday 6th March 2025

News Exam format Q1 & 2

L/O: to understand the exam format for Q1 and 2 in the News unit

Do Now:

1. Traditional British Values

2. American Presidential Election

3. bringing Guardian's Broadsheet size down to Tabloid

4. Social Concerns - Russia Vs Ukraine

5. Culture of receiving news quickly and easily through online.

In The Times, we can see the main image of David Cameron walking out of 10 Downing street with his wife by his side. He is wearing a blue suit & tie, whilst she is in a bright, feminine dress. David Cameron wearing a suit reinforces the stereotypical gender representations of men. This supports the idea of patriarchy with the male This creates the performance of gender in a stereotypical way. Furthermore, his wife has long, styled hair and is wearing make-up. This reinforces the stereotypical gender performance of women in a feminine manner. This reinforces Van Zoonen's theory, as the patriarchy is reinforced by the white, male prime minister dressing in a masculine way, reinforcing the male stereotypes of masculinity and leadership, with his wife by his side dressing in a feminine way and acting as nothing more than his wife. This creates the representations that men are leaders in political positions, and that women are not important in a political environment.

Q2:

Text-image ratio

The media language in newspapers will reflect the genre of the paper.

There are 3 genres of newspaper: Broadsheet, Mid-Market Tabloid and Tabloid. Broadsheet papers typically have a larger text to image ratio with usually one or more articles arranged in columns on the front cover with a minimal amount of images, whilst tabloid newspapers will only have the one article with a large image & headline and many images on the cover. Furthermore, Broadsheet papers will physically have a larger size that is double that of a tabloid. In addition, Broadsheet papers will usually discuss hard news - such as war, politics, the economy etc. - whilst Tabloid papers will discuss soft news that usually pertains to celebrity gossip. This will only be changed if the hard news is seen as important for the viewers to see, then the tabloid papers will report on the hard news. Mid-Market tabloids will take some of these elements that are seen in each of the other genres.

We can see the difference of genre in The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mirror through the text to image ratios. The Daily Telegraph has 1 image, and many articles which are organised into neat paragraphs. In contrast, the Daily Mirror has 1 article about Keir Starmer against Putin's threats, with a small paragraph that is part of the article. Alongside this, there are advertisements that are promoting celebrity gossip, which use images and a small amount of text. These representations of text-image ratios are stereotypical towards Broadsheet and Tabloid papers.

Comments

Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby19 September 2024 at 08:03
19/9- Great response and application of theory to each cover and then comparing. T: 4. can you try to add some context to the analysis, in terms of audience expectations and news values, can you also try to use other elements of media language to back up your points above.
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby2 October 2024 at 07:25
2/10- It does work and you start with clear understanding of the industry and the newspapers. You need to try and focus then on economic areas, such as T: 2. information on funding and figures
3. online pressure and changes.
4. online success.
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby10 October 2024 at 05:38
10/10- Great response with great examples used from both newspapers. T: you can choose to add one of the areas that you have not covered yet in your response. 2 Postmodern mixing of genres has resulted in change in newspaper conventions and greater diversity in representation. Guardian desire to show freedom and equality in their news values: report on different cultures, perspectives and community services. Mail has focused on personalised news values that value negativity and soft news stories that are sensationalised. Theory: Livingstone and Lunt- require regulation to protect reader- 17 cases brought to IPSO in 2 year period for Mail.
Or
3.Newspapers feature cultural events that are important to audiences in their lived experiences. Mail personalised news, refers to elite nations and people, Guardian- refers to stories in the public interest and community services. Theory: Curran and Seaton- one dimensional view of culture in news via lack of plurality.
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby6 November 2024 at 06:31
6/11- Good points used to apply the theory. T:
2. You need to apply the element of the theory you are covering to both newspapers, try to include more analysis in the second newspaper or try to find another cover that includes reference to the American election.
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby11 December 2024 at 07:24
11/12- Great notes, keep these detailed with lots of examples to refer back to in revision
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby19 December 2024 at 05:39
1/12- Good coverage of the main points. check your sizing of the newspaper don't refer to A4 and A3 a these aren't accurate, just say the larger broadsheet size which is double the size of a tabloid.
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby15 January 2025 at 05:27
15/1- Excellent notes
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby27 February 2025 at 08:32
27/2- Very clear examples of the contexts, maybe add a little more detail in your points so that I can see how you are going to try to tie this in together.
Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby5 March 2025 at 05:02
5/3- Good start, middle markband- T: More examples of social contexts explored.

P1: News

Wednesday 11th September 2024

Print News:

Thursday 12th September 2024

Purpose and Process

Production:

Distribution:

Marketing:

Circulation:

Ownership:

Technological Developments:

Wednesday 18th September 2024

News Values:

L/O: to explore the news values of printed news

News Values:

Thursday 19th September 2024

Political Bias

Wednesday 25th September 2024

Thursday 26th September 2024

Regulation and Theory:

Wednesday 2nd October 2024

Economic contexts

Thursday 3rd October 2024

on case study page

Wednesday 9th october

Thursday 10th October

Wednesday 16th October 2024

Thursday 17th October 2024

Wednesday 6th November 2024

Media Language:

Codes & Conventions

Thursday 7th November 2024

Media Language:

Wednesday 14th November 2024

Wednesday November 20th 2024

Media Language Q2 Practise

Wednesday 27th November 2024

Representation

Thursday 28th November 2024

Wednesday 11th December 2024

Print News: Representation - The Daily Mail

Thursday 12 December 2024

Print News: Representation - The Guardian

Thursday 19th December 2024

Practice News exam Q2

Wednesday 8th January 2025

Online News

MailOnline Fact File

Thursday 9th January 2025

theguardian.com Factfile:

Wednesday 15th January 2025

Online News

Thursday 16th January 2024

Online News

Wednesday 22nd January 2025

Thursday 23rd January 2025

Media Language - The Guardian

Wednesday 29th January 2024

Thursday 30th January 2025

Thursday 6th February 2025

Representations in the Guardian

Wednesday 12th February 2025

News PPE DIRT

Thursday 13th February 2025 (birthday :D)

Thursday 27th February 2024

News Contexts

Wednesday 5th March 2025

News Context Questions

Thursday 6th March 2025

News Exam format Q1 & 2

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